[主題] [分享]腎衰竭飲食處置~翻譯自felinecrf網站資料

[這篇文章最後由selenaa在 2005/11/14 05:03pm 編輯]

最近因為阿建貓腎衰竭
(過程在http://www.supervr.net/catbbs/topic.cgi?forum=4&topic=5517&show=0)，
於是大量搜尋腎衰竭貓咪資料，這個網站是這裡的貓友推薦的，試譯這一部分，希望能幫助有需要的貓媽貓爸們，內容也包括如何讓貓咪進食。每段都附上原文，請高手不吝指點。

資料來源http://www.felinecrf.com/managd.htm

Dietary Management 飲食處置

Food: 食物

獸醫可能為你的慢性腎衰竭(以下簡稱CRF)貓咪處方低蛋白/低鹽/低磷飲食。此種飲食設計在於降低由腎臟過濾之代謝廢物量。低鹽低磷幫助控制腎衰竭常見的電解質不平衡。因為腎衰竭無法治癒，飲食可以減緩疾病進展。腎衰竭貓咪有時進食困難，因為會分泌過多胃酸。因為這些食物通常比市售食物不美味，你必須更有耐心讓貓咪吃處方食品。Your veterinarian may prescribe a low protein/low salt/low phosphorus diet for your CRF cat. This diet is designed to reduce the amount of waste materials in the system that must be filtered out by the kidneys. The low salt and low phosphorous help control the electrolyte imbalances that are common with CRF. While there is no cure for CRF, this diet may slow the progression of the disease. * CRF cats sometimes have a difficult time eating any foods because they tend to secrete excess stomach acids. Since these foods are often less palatable than the commercial foods, you must be patient and persistent in your efforts to get your cat to eat the prescribed diet.

有些貓可能會吃一些或全吃掉，但很多貓絕對拒吃。不要餓壞貓咪，貓咪如果不吃就不吃。記得最重要的是持續進食，亦即體重增加。當開始一種新的低蛋白飲食時，慢慢增加新食物，減少舊食物。這個過程可能持續一周或一個月，端看貓咪挑剔程度。如果貓咪不喜歡乾糧，就試試罐頭，反之亦然。Some cats may eat some or all of these foods, but many cats absolutely refuse to eat any. DO NOT starve the cat. If a cat doesn't want to eat, it WON'T. Remember that it's most important for them to keep food intake and body weight up. When introducing a new low protein diet, start by gradually increasing the new food and decreasing the old. This procedure could take anywhere from a week to a month depending on how finicky your cat is. If your cat doesn't like a dry version of the new diet, try the canned and vice versa.

獸醫們對於腎衰竭貓咪使用低蛋白飲食是否有效有不同意見。有些專家相信有效在於其低磷含量，而非低蛋白的。更甚之，有些人相信低蛋白飲食會導致兩種腎衰竭常見症狀，體力衰弱及肌肉流失。*There are varying opinions in the veterinary community as to whether low protein food is effective in the management of feline CRF. Some experts believe that any benefit from eating low protein food may be from the lower content of phosphorous contained in the food rather than the low protein itself. Furthermore, some believe that a low protein diet contributes to weakness and muscle wasting, two very common symptoms in CRF cats.

因為我們試著降低蛋白質代謝廢物(經腎臟過濾)，高品質蛋白質產生的廢物少可能會比單純降低全蛋白質要好。贊成和反對的意見可以參考下列資料。Because protein metabolism residue (that the kidneys must filter) is what you are trying to eliminate, high quality protein that produces little waste may be preferable to simply reducing overall protein. For more information and both pros and cons regarding this subject, click on the links below:
•Nutritional Management of Dogs and Cats with Renal Failure, SouthPaws Veterinary Referral Center
•Dietary Management of Chronic Renal Failure in Cats - World Small Animal Veterinary Association, World Congress, Vancouver, 2001
•Protein and calorie effects on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats - Abstract, Finco DR, Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Sunvold G, Cooper TL, PubMed
•Effects of dietary protein and calorie restriction in clinically normal cats and in cats with surgically induced chronic renal failure - Abstract, Adams LG, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, O'Brien TD, PubMed
•Kidney Disease in Older Cats - by Jean Hofve, DVM, Little Big Cat Note: Scroll to Diet: The Protein Controversy
(以上這些文獻我還沒看，有空時我再翻譯，或是期待有貓友願意摘要po出)

你可能終究面臨CRF進展到需要食慾刺激劑的時候。貓咪覺得不舒服，而且不進食。不進食會讓貓更不好。當給予食慾刺激劑時，可能需要劑量試驗，劑量太低一點也沒用，而太高則可能會讓貓出現振颤或意識混淆。絕對不可給予高於處方的劑量。餵食前給予，如果沒用的話，就需要暫時強制餵食，通常是使用植入胃的管罐食，或是用針同餵食液體食物。You may eventually reach a point in the CRF progression when an appetite stimulant is necessary. Your cat doesn't feel good and doesn't eat. Not eating makes the cat feel even worse. When giving an appetite stimulant, it will probably be necessary to experiment with dosage. Too little may not work at all and too much may result in the cat being wobbly and/or confused. NEVER give a larger dose than your vet prescribes. Give the appetite stimulant prior to feeding. If appetite stimulants don't work, CRF cats may have to be temporarily force-fed, usually by implanting a tube into the stomach, or by liquefying food and hand-feeding with a syringe.

特殊飲食Special diet foods

以下的食物是低蛋白低鹽低磷食物。The following foods are low protein/low salt/low phosphorus foods. In cases where canned is indicated and not dry, or vice versa, it is unknown whether the other is available.
•優卡Eukanuba Veterinary Diet Multi-Stage Renal Formula (Dry). This food is available through a veterinarian's office. For basic information on the diet, call Iams Veterinary Services, 1-800-423-6036.
•優卡Eukanuba Veterinary Diet Multi-Stage Renal Formula (Canned). This food is available through a veterinarian's office. For basic information on the diet, call Iams Veterinary Services, 1-800-423-6036.
•希爾斯 k/d(罐頭及餅乾)Hill's Prescription Diet Feline k/d (canned and dry) 1-800-445-5777 from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. CST, Monday-Friday, available through a veterinarian's office.
•希爾斯雞肉 k/d(罐頭)Hill's Prescription Diet Feline k/d with Chicken (canned) 1-800-445-5777 from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. CST, Monday-Friday, available through a veterinarian's office.
•希爾斯 g/d(罐頭及餅乾)早期腎衰竭用Hill's Prescription Diet Feline g/d for the Nutritional Management of Pets with Early Stage Kidney Disorders, (canned and dry) 1-800-445-5777 from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. CST, Monday-Friday, available through a veterinarian's office.
Note: We apologize if our Hill's links do not work. Hill's frequently changes their urls for their prescription diets. If these links do not work, go to the Hill's homepage and look in their prescription diet area.
•皇家IVD(罐頭及餅乾)Royal Canin Innovative Veterinary Diets (IVD) Select Care Feline Formula (canned and dry) 1-800-466-0912, available through a veterinarian's office. Note: Royal Canin is in the process of acquiring IVD.
•Purina NF Kidney Function Brand™ FORMULA (canned and dry) 1-800-879-1266 from 8 AM - 4:30 PM CT Monday through Friday, available through a veterinarian's office.
•Royal Canin Veterinary Diet - Renal LP 21 (Dry) and Renal LP (Pouch) 1-800-466-0912, available through a veterinarian's office
•Hi-Tor Feline Neo Diet - For dietary management of chronic kidney disease. Note: When the page opens, type in Neo Diet in the search box at the top.
1-800-946-8245 from 9 AM - 4:30 PM ET Monday through Friday
•Hill's Prescription Diet Canine/Feline canned a/d – 這種食物有時會由獸醫處方，短時間讓體重增加使用，非長期使用。This food is sometimes prescribed by vets on a temporary basis for weight gain in CRF cats. It is not for long term use. 1-800-445-5777 from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. CST, Monday-Friday, available through a veterinarian's office.

自製CRF貓咪食譜可參考以下網站Homemade recipes for cats in CRF can be found at the following websites:
我們對於他們的效果並不保證。We make no claims for their efficacy.
Nadia's CRF Homemade Diets
Hill's Feline Restricted Protein Diet
CRF Homemade Recipes

[這篇文章最後由selenaa在 2005/11/15 02:34am 編輯]

市售食物Commercial foods

如果貓咪拒吃以上食物，就要研究一下市售食品的營養素，比較不同食物的蛋白質含量。罐頭標籤顯示較低的蛋白質，因為整體食物重量包含水，所以會顯示較低的蛋白質百分比。大部分市售食品都有免付費電話可詢問完整的營養標示，而非只有包裝上沒有含磷量的一般標示。他們會很樂意提供資訊。有些市售食品會有較低的蛋白質/鹽/磷，所以值得你去研究一下，如果貓咪不吃特別食物的話。If your cat refuses to eat the above foods, do some research, read ingredient contents and compare protein contents on commercial foods. Canned foods appear to be lower in protein because the protein is expressed as a percentage of the total weight which includes water. Most commercial cat food companies have 800 numbers on their cans and can be contacted for complete nutritional listings of their foods rather than the general label listings on the food cans, which may not include phosphorus content. They are all helpful and willing to provide information. Some commercial foods are lower in protein, salt and phosphorus, so it's worth researching if your cat won't eat the special diets.

嬰兒食品Baby Food

有些訪客寫到他們會用嬰兒食品鼓勵CRF貓咪進食。我們很不情願將嬰兒食品放在飲食處置這部分文章內，因為嬰兒食品的配方並不是貓咪的正確營養配方，而且如果食物中有洋蔥，可能對貓很危險。Some of our visitors have written that they have used baby food to encourage their CRF cats to eat. We have been very reluctant to add baby food to our Dietary Management page because the formulation of baby foods is not nutritionally correct for cats and may actually be dangerous to cats if the foods contain onion. See the warnings, below.

對於不適當的使用嬰兒食品取代貓食的情況，我們只能建議除非貓咪其他什麼都不吃的情況下使用。餵嬰兒食品之前，請閱讀以下的警告，並和你的獸醫討論。 In light of the inadequacies of baby food as a substitute for cat food, we can only suggest its use in those cases where the cat has ceased to eat anything else at all. Please read the warnings and discuss them with your vet before feeding any baby food to your cat.

警告：一般貓食配方會含有貓咪必須營養素，而嬰兒食品則無，其中一種非常重要的就是taurine。比較嬰兒食品及完整營養分析請按這裡。Warning: Regular cat food has been formulated to include essential ingredients that cats need. Baby food does NOT contain these essential ingredients. One of these VERY ESSENTIAL ingredients is taurine. For a comparison of baby foods and nutritional analysis, click here.

警告：絕對要確定你餵的健康食品沒有洋蔥粉或洋蔥鹽，極少的含量就會使貓(或狗)出現貧血。檢查嬰兒食品標籤，並打免費電話確認。Warning: Make absolutely certain that the baby food you feed your cat DOES NOT contain any onion powder or onion salt. The smallest amount of either of these two ingredients may induce anemia in a cat (or a dog). Check the labels on the baby food and call the 800 numbers for confirmation of ingredients.

更多的洋蔥和貓的資訊，可參考下列連結。For additional information about onions and cats, please click on these links:
•Onions
•Just Say No to Onions
•Onion Salt and Powder in Pet Food
•Why are onions dangerous for dogs and cats?

[這篇文章最後由selenaa在 2005/11/19 11:23pm 編輯]

零食Treats

(譯註：其實treats我不知該如何翻譯，請客？款待？應該就是吃好料的意思吧！姑且翻成零食，請高人指點。)
早期腎衰竭便不該再給零食了，你可能會面臨到，不管後遺症也要讓貓享有一些快樂的時候。CRF貓咪通常需要一些愉快的生活，在他們因為給予皮下注射輸液、藥物、不喜歡的食物而過的很辛苦時。在末期CRF階段時，偶而給零食不會造成太大的不同。While treats shouldn't really be given in the early stages of CRF, you may reach a point when you think the cat deserves some enjoyment regardless of the consequences. CRF cats are generally having a tough time with sub-Q fluids, medications and foods they don't like and need some joy in their lives. An occasional treat is not going to make that much difference during later stages of CRF.

讓貓咪進食的訣竅Tips for Getting Your Cat to Eat:
•微波加熱食物到室溫或稍高於室溫，可以讓貓較能接受(例如，加強香味)。Warming the food in the microwave for a few seconds to room temperature or slightly warmer may make it more palatable (i.e. strengthen the aroma) to the cat.
•混合不同的低蛋白食物。你可能就會找到正確比例。Mix different low protein foods together. You just might hit on the right combination.
•混合乾糧(低蛋白食物加貓咪喜歡的食物)。將食物放在密閉容器一段時間，味道混在一起，貓咪能就會吃低蛋白食物。Mix dry foods together (one the cat likes with a low protein food). Place them in a closed container for a period of time. The scents mix together and your cat may be enticed into eating the low protein food.
•混合低蛋白罐頭和市售罐頭。Mix combinations of canned low protein food and canned commercial food together.
•增加味道，混合下列配方，並加在你要給貓咪的食物中。To improve flavor, mix:
o水water
o鮪魚汁(無鹽且只有包裝中只有水，不要有蔬菜，因為可能有洋蔥)tuna juice (salt-free and packed in water only, not vegetable broth which may contain onions)
o蟹汁clam juice
o低鹽雞湯(無洋蔥)ow-salt chicken broth (without onions)
o牛肉湯(無洋蔥)beef broth (without onions)
with any of the foods.
•食物中混合一些溫水是個好主意，因為任何一點液體都有幫助。It's a good idea to mix a little warm water with the food at any time because every little bit of fluid helps. Do not use bouillon as it's too salty
•貓咪不吃任何聞不到的食物。試試看在食物上灑一些大蒜粉，增加美味和香味。警告：不像洋蔥那麼危險，大蒜含有少量洋蔥中導致貓咪貧血的成分。如果其他都無法讓貓咪進食，只有大蒜粉可以，那就用吧。不要常常使用，要謹慎少量的用。Cats won't eat what they can't smell. Try sprinkling a little garlic powder on the food to increase palatability and aroma. Warning: While not as dangerous as onions, garlic does contain a low concentration of the compound found in onions that causes anemia in cats. If garlic powder helps to get your cat to eat when nothing else will, then use it.Don't use it often and if you do use it, use it sparingly.
•有時候貓咪可以因勸誘而進食。和貓咪說話，撫摸他，坐在貓咪旁邊，拿一碟食物等著，或試著用手餵食。Sometimes cats can be coaxed to eat. Talk to the cat, stroke the cat, sit with the cat, then offer a plate of food and wait or try to hand-feed.
•試著把食物放在貓咪手掌上或嘴裡，讓他開始吃。Try placing food on the cat's paws or mouth to 'jump-start' the cat.
•問獸醫或查寵物食品供應表，看看有無食物增味劑可以加在食物中。Ask your veterinarian or check pet supply catalogs for flavor enhancers which can be sprinkled on food to entice the cat to eat.
•保持食物新鮮美味，少量多餐，特別當你的貓咪很難搞時。To keep food fresh and palatable, feed small amounts at frequent intervals, particularly if your cat is a 'nibbler'.
•如果貓咪喜歡人吃的鮪魚，可以試著用果汁機打碎鮪魚和水，然後用鮪魚水混合其他食物。If your cat likes 'people tuna', you can try mixing tuna and water in the blender to make 'tuna water' to mix with other foods.
•試著混一點點貓薄荷在食物中。Try mixing a tiny bit of catnip with the food.
•運用創意的進行各種實驗。Experiment and be creative.

管灌食Feeding Tubes

有些主人成功的使用管灌食。有好幾種不同的選擇可以和獸醫討論，每一種都可在這個網站找到。雖然管灌食可在貓拒食時提供營養，這些設備並不能預防噁心嘔吐。另外，有些管子置入時需要麻醉，對腎衰竭的貓咪來說是外加的風險。Some Feline CRF caregivers have reported success with the use of feeding tubes. There are several different options which can be discussed with your vet and a description of each can be found at this Web site: http://www.lbah.com/Feline/ftube.htm Although feeding tubes do make it possible to provide nutrition when a cat won't eat, these devices will not prevent vomiting and nausea. In addition, the insertion of some feeding tubes requires anesthesia, an added risk for a cat with advanced kidney failure.

水Water

對所有的貓來說，新鮮水是必要的，尤其CRF的貓。建議每天至少喝兩碟水。最好給瓶裝水，而不要給自來水。似乎礦泉水和蒸餾水對貓咪較健康，因為沒有含自來水的化學物質。或者你可以考慮在水龍頭裝濾水器。CRF貓咪胃部容易不適，室溫水會比冷水好。貓咪吃乾糧時會喝更多水，氣候較暖和時，也喝較多水。沒有規定正常貓咪一天要喝多少水，但是超過6-8盎司通常就過多了。而CRF貓每天可能會喝更多。While it's important that all cats have fresh water, it is absolutely essential that CRF cats have fresh water and lots of it at all times. It's advisable to have at least two water dishes available daily. We feel that cats should be given bottled water rather than tap water. It just seems healthier for the cat as spring water is free of most of the chemicals found in tap water and distilled water is free of all chemicals and sodium. Or you might consider investing in a filter for your water faucet. Because CRF cats tend to have upset stomachs, water at room temperature is preferable to cold water. Cats drink more water when they eat dry food and they drink more when the weather is warm. There is no set amount of water for a normal cat to drink each day, but over 6-8 ounces per day is usually considered excessive for a normal cat. CRF cats may drink more than this daily.

維他命Vitamins

只要貓咪有適當進食，就不需要營養補充，至少在CRF早期時。但是CRF貓咪排尿量較大，可能會失去水溶性維他命，包括維他命B和C，特別是當貓咪有進食問題時。有許多的多種維他命可供選擇，有錠劑及水劑。錠劑可以磨碎拌在食物中。如果你要用維他命，記得與獸醫討論合適的型式及品牌。貓咪有可能會因維他命過量，甚至致命。As long as your cat is eating the proper food, it shouldn't be necessary to supplement, at least in the early stages of CRF. But, since CRF cats urinate frequently, they may be losing water-soluble vitamins, including Vitamins B and C, especially if they are also having trouble eating or keeping their food down. There are a wide variety of multivitamins available, in tablets and liquids. Tablets can be ground into a powder and sprinkled on food. If you do decide to give your cat vitamins, always consult with your veterinarian first for recommendations as to type and brand that are suitable. Cats can overdose and even die on vitamin supplementation.

好棒的分享：D

這個網站的資料也很豐富 http://felinecrf.org/
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Feline-CRF-Support/ CRF討論家族